Appendix A - Types of Pollutants and their Impacts
Appendix B - Marine Engines and Fuels
Appendix C - Codes of Practice
Appendix D - Waste Management Program
Appendix E - A Sample "Clean Boating Policy"
Appendix F - References and Resources
APPENDIX
A
TYPES OF POLLUTANTS AND THEIR IMPACTS
Hydrocarbons -- Gasoline and Oil Emissions
What are Hydrocarbons? Hydrocarbons
are products derived from crude oil and include gasoline, diesel fuel and most
oils and greases.
Why are they harmful? They
are toxic to humans and some species. Being
less dense than water, they float on the surface and smother marine larvae that
need to breathe at the surface. This
loss can impact the water body’s food chain of species.
In their gaseous state, they contribute to ground level ozone that is a
major component of smog. Smog, or
air pollution, is known to cause asthma and cancer in humans.
Points of Control: Boat
engine operation (through Codes of Practice),
Gas docks, pumping bilges, machinery service, engine tuning, and transfer of
fuel tanks.
Air Emissions
What are they? There are five main classes of atmospheric pollutants, namely particulates, ground level ozone, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides. They originate from three processes: combustion, vapourization and mechanical abrasion and wear.
Why are they harmful? As contaminants in the atmosphere these air emissions are highly toxic to plants and animals; consequently, they directly disrupt the ecosystem. These contaminants cause local problems, including summer smog. They are also responsible for acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion and the ‘green-house’ effect.
Points of control:
The operation of engines and furnaces, fuel
filling and storage, mechanical service and maintenance work, engine tuning, and
use of some aerosol products.
Bacteria and Viruses
What are they?
Microbial organisms contained in human and animal sewage.
Why are they harmful? They include bacteria and viruses that are directly harmful to human health. Illnesses resulting from ingestion of polluted water include diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis and salmonella.
Points of control:
Pump-out station, black water holding tanks and overboard discharges
(especially the “Y” valve release system); septic systems, grounds
maintenance.
Sediments
What are they?
Suspended particulate matter from bottom of water body that causes water
turbidity. Particulate matter washed off the land into the water column.
Why are they
harmful? They contain organic
material that uses up the water’s dissolved oxygen in their decomposition
process. An increase in the
turbidity of the water reduces the
amount of light getting into the water column and in turn reduces the growth of
submerged aquatic vegetation. They
also cause an increase in phosphorous concentrations that can lead to increase
in algae, chlorophyll concentrations, and gross oxygen production.
Points of control:
Boat engine operation (especially in waters less than 2 metres);
stormwater management system; dock and shore area where boats and other vehicles
may be washed; garage and repair shop areas.
Metals including Anti-fouling Paints
What are they?
Metals and metal-containing compounds have many marine applications
including use as fuel additives (lead), paint pigments (arsenic), wood
preservatives (arsenic), corrosion protection (zinc), anti-fouling (tin and
copper), construction materials (iron, aluminum and chrome).
Anti-fouling paints
– these are used widely by all boaters as they
protect the hull and improve fuel efficiency. They are made using metals which can be carcinogenic and
toxic to both marine and land animals, and humans.
Tributyltin (TBT) was the major biocide used before being banned in the
late eighties in most developed countries because of its toxicity, specifically
to shellfish.
Why are they
harmful? Above
certain concentrations metals are toxic to humans and aquatic organisms.
They are bio-accumulative and may eventually reach concentrations in the
food chain where they are toxic to larger species, like humans.
New anti-fouling paints are being made using copper.
Copper ingestion above natural levels can prove toxic to certain marine
organisms.
Points of control:
Boat engine operation, fuel dock, engine and hull maintenance area,
retail store, water and wash areas.
Solvents
What are they?
Chemicals used as cleaners, degreasers, thinners for paints and lacquers,
including substances such as trichloroethylene and methylene chloride.
Why are they
harmful? Many
are known carcinogens. Being
relatively stable, they are insoluble in water and tend to accumulate in the
ecosystem.
Points of control:
Machinery and hull maintenance areas, retail store
Antifreeze
What is it?
Ethylene glycol or propylene glycol used in engine cooling systems to
prevent freezing during winter storage
Why is it harmful?
Both types can be harmful to humans and aquatic organisms.
Points of control:
Machinery service, boat storage areas, and retail store.
Acids and Alkalis
What are they?
Acids are used as the electrolyte in batteries and occasionally as
straight cleaners. Both strong
acids and alkalis are often the main constituents of cleaning compounds and
detergents.
Why are they
harmful? They
are toxic if ingested. Acids in
particular will dissolve other contaminants such as heavy metals, resulting in
indirect toxicity to humans and aquatic organisms.
Points of control:
Machinery and hull maintenance areas, dock area, and retail store.
Surfactants
What are they? Chemicals added to detergents to reduce surface tension.
Why are they
harmful? Some,
such as alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS), are chronically toxic to aquatic
organisms. Surfactants can form a film on the surface of water and reduce oxygen
transfer at the air/water interface.
Points of control:
Any process that generates grey water
Nutrients
What are they?
Chemical elements, primarily nitrogen and phosphorous, that are essential
for aquatic plants and algae to grow and reproduce.
They are found in many soaps and detergents and are the main working
ingredients of fertilizers.
Why are they
harmful? In
excessive concentrations they may stimulate nuisance growths of some plants and
algae. Excessive growth and decay
of plants lowers dissolved oxygen concentrations and reduces water clarity.
Points of control:
All processes that generate grey water containing soaps and detergents;
ground maintenance (especially fertilizers).
Solid Wastes
What are they?
All man-made solid debris that finds its way into the natural
environment.
Why are they
harmful? Plastics,
in particular, remain intact for decades. They
attract wildlife that then tries to eat them or gets caught in them.
Nylon fishing line and the plastic ring holders for beverage six-packs
are especially dangerous to birds and water fowl.
All debris is visually unacceptable. Concentrations of food waste can affect dissolved oxygen
levels as they decompose in the water.
Points of control:
The marina’s waste management system,
boaters (Code of Practice), dock area, and retail store.
APPENDIX
B
MARINE ENGINES
Recreational marine engines, either gasoline or diesel
burning, generate pollution from the combustion of fuel which creates exhaust.
In the early 1990s it was estimated that between 567 million to 1.6
billion litres of unburned fuel was emitted into the environment each year by 12
million gas powered pleasure boats, in the United States alone (Mele, 1993).
By factoring in an estimate for the impact from all recreational boats
operating in countries around the world, over several decades, it quickly
becomes apparent why the boating industry must, and is, taking action to
significantly reduce hydrocarbon emissions.
The following section provides an overview of:
· The different types of marine engines used for water skiing and how they impact the environment.
· The various types of fuels used in boating
· The most recent technological advancements in marine engines
·
The United States Environmental Protection
Agency’s (and California’s) recent regulations for marine engines
TYPES
OF MARINE ENGINES SUITABLE FOR WATER SKIING
The engines used for water skiing are either inboard or
outboard, with the former most likely a four-stroke gasoline or diesel engine.
Boat engines used for water ski racing are often turbo or supercharged.
Outboard engines are attached to the stern of the boat and are invariably two-
stroke, operating on a gasoline/oil mix. Historically,
the typical two-stroke engine tended to be noisier and emit considerably higher
levels of hydrocarbons, than the four-stroke engines.
Two-Stroke and
Four-Stroke Marine Engines
Older two-stroke outboard engines have the reputation of
being one of the most polluting of recreational engines because of an
inefficient 'scavenging' process. What
this means is that incoming fuel to the piston's combustion chamber 'scavenges'
or pushes the burned exhaust gases out of the cylinder causing compression,
ignition and energy. Through this scavenging process between 20 and 50 percent
of the unburned fuel is emitted into the water through the exhaust system.
The four-stroke engine is considerably cleaner as there is
no mixing of gas and oil and it typically gets about twice the mileage of the
common older model two-stroke engine. A
four-stroke fires its spark plug to make power every other
time the piston has climbed to the top of the cylinder verses the two-stroke
engine firing every time. The other
major difference between these two engines is that the lubricating oil for the
two-stroke engine is mixed with the fuel and is emitted on each stroke whereas
the oil for the four-stroke sits in the crankcase or sump.
Only if the piston rings that seal the gap between the piston and the
cylinder wall become badly worn does this heavy fluid find its way into the
cylinder head.
The two-stroke engines built after 1997 are not at
question, rather the biggest polluters are the older two-strokes, many of which
have a typical life span of 20 years or more.
Unless these older engines are mechanically retrofitted, they will
continue to emit excessively high levels of hydrocarbons into the water and
atmosphere.
FUELS – OLD AND NEW
Gasoline
Gasoline, as a fuel, has been in use since around 1910 and its early forms were relatively simple and burned clean. The gasoline used today is a complex blend that varies from producer to producer, from grade to grade, and even by location and season.
This fuel is so widely used because
it is inexpensive to produce and contains 50 times more energy by weight than
lead-acid batteries. The advent of
a range of sophisticated engine refinements have resulted in emission levels
dropping to single-digit percentages as compared to the double-digit levels of
only twenty years ago.
The new ‘reformulated’ gasolines are the result of
certain compounds being removed and others added to produce a fuel that is
intended to be higher in octane, keep engines cleaner, and produce less
emissions. However, engine manufacturers and boaters have complained that this
reformulated gasoline clogs and damages outboard motors due to high carbon
deposits.
Check with your supplier, and or mechanic, to make sure
that you are using the best form of gasoline for your marine engine.
Ethanol and Methanol
Over the years, millions of dollars have been spent on
research into alternative fuels, namely ethanol and methane.
Emission tests support the claim that alcohols burn cleaner, reduce
hydrocarbon emissions by half in uncatalyzed engines, and
less so in a variety of catalyzed engines.
Ethanol is made from corn, wheat, rice, oats, rye, beets, sugarcane and
other common crops. Methanol is made primarily from coal, natural gas, and a
variety of woods and wood by-products or effluent.
While both have higher octane ratings than gasoline, they are less
energy-dense than gasoline: a gallon of ethanol contains only as much energy as
two-thirds of a gallon of gasoline. Most
alcohol fuels are being used as additives in around 10 percent solution with
gasoline, sold as super unleaded. These
biomass fuels emit fewer greenhouse gases but generate large quantities of
formaldehyde (Mele, p 99)
Diesel
Diesel fuel is a better source of energy than gasoline.
In fact, it produces more foot-pounds of torque per gallon and per
mile/km than gasoline, and at a lower cost.
It operates with an oxygen surplus (a lean exhaust condition) and
produces much less carbon dioxide emissions.
The problem with diesel fuel is primarily its emission of
sulfates due to its high sulfur content, as well as the emission of
particulates, unburned hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatics, aldehydes, and a high
degree of nitrogen oxides. These compounds
are associated with smog and its many negative effects on the environment and
human health. However the new,
reformulated diesel fuels have a
reduced sulfur and aromatics content, and contain cetane-enhancing additives (a
hydrocarbon of the methane family that assists ignition).
Natural Gas
This naturally occurring petroleum product
is found in abundance worldwide. It
is a very pure fuel, requiring almost nothing in the way of refinement. The emissions from the combustion of natural gas are much
lower than gasoline, diesel fuel, and even the alcohol fuels.
There are no particulates, and almost no engine residue deposits.
It is also one of the least expensive fuels on the market.
The downside for boaters is that to retrofit an existing
fuel system to natural gas is not practical as it requires large storage space
for the holding tanks. Also, its
availability is limited in certain countries and regions as distribution
networks are not well established.
Alternatives
There are other types of fuels being proposed for boating,
but none are yet widely available or affordable.
Some of these include fuel hydrogen, solar, and electric powered.
You can check with your local marine dealer, or engine manufacturer, to
find out if such soft energy options will be available in the near future. It is not unrealistic to imagine boaters one day using zero
emission fuel systems, or a combination of very low emission systems such as
ethanol fuel and electric motors.
US EPA HYDROCARBON EMISSION CONTROL REGULATIONS
In 1998 the United States Environmental Protection Agency
introduced regulations to reduce hydrocarbon emissions from marine engines by 70
to 80 percent over a phase in period ending in 2006.
In the state of California even more stringent regulations have been
introduced called California Air Resources Board (CARB).
CARB requires all gasoline engine manufacturers to meet the USEPA 2006
standards by 2002 and continue the gradual reduction of exhaust emissions
through 2008. This long-term target
will mean an additional 2/3 reduction in hydrocarbon emissions of engines that
meet the USEPA 2006 standard.
To satisfy these standards, marine engine manufacturers are producing new engines that meet, and often exceed these regulatory standards for outboards, personal watercraft, and jetboats. And because American manufactured motors account for over fifty percent of worldwide sales of marine engines, these regulations will translate into significant reduction in global hydrocarbon emissions.
MODERN ENGINES – NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN POLLUTION CONTROL
To meet the USEPA regulatory requirements engine
manufacturers have been relying on three basic technologies; direct injection
for two-stroke engines, catalytic converters, and high performance four-stroke
technology for outboard motors.
Direct fuel
injection (DFI), two-stroke technology is designed
to significantly reduce HC emissions from engines used in outboard boats and
personal watercraft . This process
injects the fuel charge directly into the cylinder above the piston, after the
exhaust port is closed. Since the
exhaust port is closed at time of injection, unburned fuel cannot escape through
the exhaust port, as it used to in earlier two-stroke models.
The outcome of this new technology is an engine that produces 80 percent
less hydrocarbon emissions and consumes between 35 to 45 percent less fuel.
Direct-injection technology is currently available from a
variety of manufacturers of outboards and range in power from 90 to 225
horsepower. Some of the most recent
PWCs go as high as 135 horsepower.
Catalytic
converters present a greater challenge despite
their proven success in automotive applications. The two main challenges to the engineers involve
temperature control. Many marine
engines require water to help cool the engine and quiet the exhaust. If the water used is saltwater, as is often the case, it will
corrode engine parts and reduce the longevity of the catalyst.
The second challenge is that marine engines often operate at higher
temperatures for extended periods of time.
This type of operation can lead to significant loss of conversion
efficiency of the catalyst over time. Engines
equipped with catalysts and closed-loop, electronic-fuel-injection systems, like
automotive engines, often can achieve more than 90 percent HC conversion
efficiency. However, these engines
do not operate at higher temperatures for extended periods, which keeps the
catalyst from reaching the high temperatures that can result in deactivation of
the catalyst.
For marine applications, catalyst conversion efficiency
may be restricted to lower conversion efficiency levels (below 80 percent) due
to these temperature concerns. The outboard engine manufacturers are working hard to address
these challenges and predictions are that a catalytic conversion system for the
marine industry will be perfected by the millennium. One PWC manufacturer has introduced a 1999 model that is
equipped with a catalyst.
Four-stroke engine
designs have traditionally made up a smaller
percent of the engines used to pull water skiers because they have generally
been more expensive, not as quick at the start, and are usually heavier motors.
However, in recent years manufacturers have made some significant changes
to make the four-stroke engines lighter, quicker to start, and smoother to
operate. They have also been able
to build engines that exceed 100 horsepower due to the lighter components.
Just about every marine engine manufacturer offers a range
of four-stroke power options for nearly any marine application.
APPENDIX
C
CODES
OF PRACTICE
Codes of Practice, namely ones for Conduct and Noise, help
ensure that club members are more environmentally responsible and practice safe boating.
It also may reduce management liability should a case arise involving
negligent behavior on the part of a club member.
Some Codes include separate sections for each major area
of concern such as safety regulations, boating, and water skiing.
However it is divided, the Code should be targeted to the marina
operators, the water ski boat driver, and the water skier.
Every member should be given a copy of the Code and asked
to read it in its entirety.
The following are examples of
the type of ingredients found in a Code of Conduct and a Code of Practice for
Water skiing and Noise:
Table of Contents of a Code of Conduct for Water Skiers
and Boat Drivers
All boat drivers
and water skiers agree to:
· Comply with all the club’s By-Laws at all times
· Respect speed limits on the water at all times
· Take care not to disturb wildlife and waterfowl, particularly during nesting and moulting and in sensitive areas
· Use unleaded fuel or propane gas instead of leaded fuel
· Do not idle engines unnecessarily
· Drive the motorboat in a manner which produces least fuel emissions
· Reduce wash as much as possible
· Stay out of shallow water and well away from shorelines
· Meet requirements for boat registration and display certificate on boat
· Meet requirements for certificate of insurance and display certificate on boat
· Respect club policy on noise emissions and display noise emission certificate on boat
· Respect club requirements for driver license including annual testing and carrying the license on their person at all times when driving a motorboat
· Follow accepted standards of boating etiquette including acting with due consideration for swimmers, fishermen and all other water or shore side users
· Abide by By-Law # which specifies the distance from shore water skiing is permitted
· Abide by By-Law # which specifies the hours of operation permitted for water skiing and power-boating
· Respect all restrictions placed on sensitive areas and areas that are seasonally constrained.
· Only refuel or use the bilge pump far from any sensitive wildlife areas.
· Follow club policy and state law that no person shall drive a vessel, observe in a vessel or water ski behind a vessel whilst under the influence of alcohol.
· Follow the club Safety Code and carry a copy of this Code at all times in boat
BWSF’S Code of Practice for Water Skiing and Noise
Table of Contents
The following table of contents
indicates the elements of the British Water Ski Federation’s Code of Practice
for Water Skiing and Noise (1997).
Introduction
Aims of the Code
Guidance for Avoiding Significant
Impact of Water Skiing Noise
Existing Facility
New Facility
Noise Limits
Method of Rating Water Ski Noise
Control and Monitoring
Water Ski Racing
Appendices:
Pass-by Test – Recreational, Tournament & Barefoot Skiing
Pass-by Test- Water Ski Racing
Summary of Criteria
Typical Activities at British Water Ski Clubs
Characteristics Usage of Water Ski Tow Boats
Possible Boat Concentrations for Water Skiing
Guidance on Method of Calculation of Water Ski Noise
Glossary of Acoustical Terms
The BWSF’s
Code of Practice for Noise states that “the following factors should be
considered where water skiing takes place or is proposed to take place:”
Regard should be had to the
following factors:
· Noise output of boat
· Course layout
· Hours of Operation
· Number of boats in use at any one time
· Screening
· Public address systems
·
Cars and car parking
To obtain a copy of the BWSF’s Code of Practice for
Noise contact:
The British Water Ski Federation
390 City Road
London
EC1V 2QA
BRITAIN
Back
to Top
APPENDIX D
WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
The Waste Audit:
A first step of a waste management plan is to conduct a
waste audit to determine what items are going into the waste stream at the
marina. While a waste audit is not
critical to a sound waste management program it is a very good barometer for
determining its success, particularly over the long term.
Waste audits are simple and usually not unreasonable in
cost. They often pay for themselves
over a short time due to accrued savings from reduced waste haulage costs.
The following are the steps involved in a standard solid
waste audit:
1. Review and inventory all marina operations and activities
2. Identify waste categories (i.e. plastics, cardboard, newsprint, aluminum, glass, yard waste etc.)
3. Plan audit (when, where, tools needed, waste collection, how much, number of audits etc)
4. Conduct audit
5.
Prepare waste audit report
Typically, a club/marina will examine the types of wastes
and how much of each type is being generated over a given time period, usually
not less than one week’s operation.
At the end of each day during that period, the waste
materials are separated into preset categories such as glass, plastic, paper and
hazardous waste.
After all categories have been weighed and weights
recorded management will have a fairly accurate picture of what wastes are being
generated.
All audit findings are projected over time (usually a
year) making it all the more important that the waste audit reflect normal
operating practices. If special
events are scheduled, then projections for these events can be made and added as
separate line items in the report.
Waste auditing can be a messy business and it may be best
to let a professional consulting company perform the audit.
The findings will play an important role in the waste reduction targets
you set for your club/marina.
Another place to look for support is your local government
office that deals with waste issues. Often, these departments have advisors and useful guide
documents to take you through an audit and help you set up a waste diversion
program.
Based on the audit findings, management can then develop a
comprehensive 4Rs waste management strategy and set objectives figuring in how
many categories of items can be diverted from landfill or incineration,
recycled, reused or avoided altogether.
Performance indicators, like waste diversion goals, can
then be set.
Your next step is to contract with a local waste hauler
for removal of recyclables and other wastes.
By shopping around you may find one more reasonable in price than
another.
Waste Diversion Program:
Once you have decided what materials you intend to divert
from the waste stream through a recycling or reuse program, and have contracted
with your local waste hauler, you are ready to set up your containers.
What you will Need:
· Waste containers for recyclables, reusable items, and other garbage wastes—all with strong ,secure lids.
Colour code and label systems for the different material containers to prevent contamination (i.e. recyclables being placed in garbage containers)
· Well thought out placement for each of the containers
· Very easy to read signage indicating what item goes where
· Storage space for each category of wastes
· Regular emptying of containers
· Response system to questions about waste program from staff and customers
· Staff trained to look for contamination problems with recyclables and encouraged to come up with solutions to problems
· Another waste audit to measure effectiveness of program
·
Improvements made where necessary keeping
principles of 4Rs in mind
Communication and
Education:
Key components of a successful waste diversion program are
communication and education. All staff, members, and guests coming on to the property
should be aware that such a program is in place.
They can be encouraged to participate through well placed, easy to
understand signage and club/marina posters and literature.
If records are being well kept and waste diversion
successes evident, the program manager may want to post these results for all to
see. By letting people know that
the club/marina has diverted x number of tons of waste, and saved x number of
dollars, they may feel a greater sense of program ownership and desire to see it
to succeed even further.
APPENDIX
E
A
SAMPLE "CLEAN BOATING POLICY"
I have read and agree with the intent of the Clean Boating
Policy. I am aware that the marina is adopting Clean Boating Practices
throughout the facility. I will
make every effort to comply with those practices where possible and help the
marina to protest our natural environment.
As the owner of (boat name) , and as the tenant of (Marina name) , I,
(Name)
, confirm
that I have read, that I am familiar with and I fully agree with the intent of
the Clean Boating Policy and the following guidelines.
In becoming a tenant, I commit myself, by guests, and my
crew:
1) To keep all refuse and garbage of any kind on board the boat until we are able to place it in the waste containers on shore.
2) To separate all recyclables and place them in the appropriate containers
3)
To separate hazardous wastes, including used oils and antifreeze,
unwanted paints, solvents and cleaners, batteries, old unusable fuel, and used
oil filters and dispose of them in accordance with marina guidelines or else
take such waste to the licensed household hazardous waste collection site.
4) To take all necessary steps to avoid spilling fuel, oil or any chemicals or cleaners whatsoever into the water, to refrain from pumping oil-contaminated bilge water overboard and to be guided by instructions from the attendant when at the gasoline and/or pump-out dock..
5)
To carry out any repair work on the boat in designated areas only, taking
all precautions required by the marina to avoid leaving any debris, litter or
liquid contaminants on the ground.
6)
To use the onshore washroom facilities whenever practical, as long as the
boat is at the dock and to avoid pumping grey water overboard when in the
marina.
7) To never discharge raw sewage from the black-water holding tanks to anywhere other than an approved pump-out facility.
8) To use environmentally-safe products whenever and wherever possible
9)
To operate my boat in a safe and considerate manner at all times, to
operate the engines only when necessary, to avoid creating a wake when entering
and leaving the dock, and to avoid causing a nuisance to all others using the
marina’s facilities.
10) To always show respect for the environment and for the fish, birds, and animals and all other creatures that share it with us.
11) To abide by all of the marina’s Codes, including the Code of Conduct and Code of Practice for Noise.
Signed:___________________________________ Date: ________________________
APPENDIX F
IWSF
Headquarters |
Fax:
+41 41 7520099 |
President Mr. Kuno Ritschard Alte Landstrasse 19 Postbox 564 6314 Unteraegeri, Switzerland Phone: +41.41.7520095 Fax: +41.41.7520099 Mobile: +41.79.2092868 Mobile fax: +41.79.2088291 Email: kritschard@waterski.ch |
Secretary General Ms. Jeffry Armstrong 85 First Street Grenada, MS 38901 USA work phone: (662)226-4438 home phone: (662)565-2214 fax: (662)226-4949 Email: 73602.662@compuserve.com |
Chairperson: |
Region |
Country |
Aubrey Sheena |
EAME |
Great Britain |
Members: | ||
Colin Ellison | AA | Australia |
Gillian Hill | EAME | Great Britain |
Chris Howarth | AA | China (Hong Kong) |
Leon Larsen | PANAM | United States of America |
Vern Oberg | PANAM | Canada |
NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS
Most
of the listings can be located on the internet through a search by name and
jurisdiction (i.e. ‘Greenpeace and Germany’ or ‘American Water Ski
Association’). Other sources are
the library, your local phone book, and trade magazines or journals.
Water Ski and
Boating
National
Water Ski Federation or Association
Water
Skiing Associations
Marina
Operators Association
Marine
Manufacturers Association
Marine
Industries Association/Federation
Marine
Boatbuilders Association/Federation
Government
Agency – Ministry of Natural Resources or Environment, Environmental
Protection Agency, Department of Marine Management etc.
Conservation
Authority
Environmental
Greenpeace
– by country
Conservation
Associations/Clubs -- Audobon Society, Sierra Club
Other
Cottagers
Association
National
Standards Institute / Association
Educational
Institutions
University
– Departments of: Aquatic
Sciences, Biology, Environmental Sciences,
Ecology, Resource Management, Mechanical Engineering etc.
Library
– local and university
ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (EMS)
For
consultants and general information on EMS search the internet under key words
such as:
ISO
and 14000
EMS
Consultants
EMS and Marina
International
Standards Organization Hompage -- http://www.ndt.net
ISO
14000 series on EMS
Both
the Canadian Standards Association and the British Standards Institution have
produced extensive materials on EMS. These
can be obtained by contacting either organization on the internet or directly
Canadian
Standards Association
http://rts.ceogroup.com/csa/pg1.htm
CSA
178
Rexdale Boulevard
Etobicoke,
ON
M9W
1R3
Other
Locations – CSA Edmonton, CSA Montreal, CSA Vancouver, CSA Hong Kong, CSA
Japan, CSA California
British
Standards Institution – www.bsi-global.com
British
Standards House
389
Chiswick High Road
London,
United Kingdom
W4
4AL
Tel:
+44 (0) 208 996 9000
Customer Services:
Fax:
+44 (0) 208 996 7400
Tel: +44 (0) 208 996 9001
Fax: +44 (0)
208 996 7001
INTERNET -- WEB SITES
of INTEREST
American
Water Ski Association – www.usawaterski.org
British
Columbia Marine Awareness Society – wbs@pacificcoast.net
Center
for Marine Conservation – http://www.cmc-ocean.org
Conservation
and Land Management (Australia) – http://www.wa.gov.au/
Department
of Transport Marine Section (Australia) (Rob Kay) – rkay@dot.wa.gov.au
Environment
Canada
Marine
Environmental Data Service
Leif Stephanson, Transportation Systems Branch – leifstephanson@ec.gc.ca
The
Canadian Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse:
http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/index.htm
International Council of Marine Industry Associations (ICOMIA) –http://www.marinedata.com/
International
Water Ski Federation – http://www.iwsf.com
Mining
Company – http://powerboat.miningco.com
National
Boat Network – http://www.boatnetwork.com
Boating
Industry International Online: http://www.boatbiz.com/
North
American Lake Management Society – http://www.nalms.org
Canadian Office –
Ontario
Environmental Network – oen@web.apc.org
Recreational
Boat Building Industry – http://www.rbbi.com
Swan
River Trust (Perth, Australia) – www.whitepages.com.au
United
States Environmental Protection Agency – Office of Mobile Sources:
www.epa.gov/OMS
USEPA
– Boat Operation Management Measure:
USEPA
-- Final rule on emission regulations:
USEPA
– Management Measures for Marinas and Recreational Boating:
USEPA
– Petroleum Control Management Measure:
Waterski
News Online – http://www.mooseweb.com/
Water
Ski Canada – http://www.waterski.ca
Worldwatch
Institute – http://www.worldwatch.org/
Waterskiing, Boating and the Environment - Part B
Practical Steps to Environmentally Responsible Water Skiing and Boating - Part C
Recommended Best Practices for Club/Marina Operators